In healthy individuals, depending on age and gender, the unstimulated salivary flow rate is between 0.1-2 mL/min. Saliva can be collected by passive drool technique or by using oral swabs. Proteins and other substances from blood have been shown to enter saliva intracellularly through passive diffusion or active transport, and paracellularly through ultrafiltration at tight junctions between cells. Saliva is hypotonic to plasma and is actively involved in exchange of sodium (Na +), chloride (Cl -), potassium (K +) and bicarbonate (HCO3 -) ions with plasma. Saliva also contains cystatins, proline-rich peptides, and other molecules that are found in blood. The parotid gland secretions are largely composed of water and electrolytes, while the submandibular and sublingual glands produce both serous and mucous secretions, with mucin being the most abundant protein in saliva. Whole saliva comprises of a mixture of fluids, secreted from the salivary glands (submandibular, sublingual, and parotid, and the minor gland), gingival fold, oral mucosa transudate, and, mucous from the nasal cavity and pharynx, that vary in rheological properties and the composition of their secretions. Saliva protects tissues against desiccation, penetration, ulceration, potential carcinogens, and assists in wound healing. Saliva, an exocrine secretion of the salivary glands, containing water (99%), electrolytes, proteins, and enzymes, provides sensory perception of food, and aids chewing, swallowing, and digestion of food. SALIVA AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL: CURRENT KNOWLEDGE The purpose of this review is to summarize and evaluate recent advancements in using saliva as a diagnostic tool for inflammation and insulin-resistance. However, additional studies are required to standardize saliva collection and storage procedures, validate analytical techniques for biomarker detection, and establish reference ranges for routine clinical use. These findings suggest the potential diagnostic value of saliva in health screening and risk stratification studies, particularly in the pediatric population, with implications for inflammatory, metabolic and cardiovascular conditions. Further, several studies have demonstrated correlations of salivary markers of stress and insulin resistance including cortisol, insulin, adiponectin, and resistin with serum concentrations. Salivary antioxidant status has also been studied as a measure of oxidative stress in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Current literature has demonstrated elevated levels of inflammatory biomarkers including C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interferon-γ in saliva of obese/overweight children and adults. Recently, there has been increasing interest in evaluating the diagnostic potential of saliva in obesity, inflammation, and insulin-resistance. Currently, saliva testing is used for clinical assessment of hormonal perturbations, detection of HIV antibodies, DNA analysis, alcohol screening, and drug testing. Actual results will vary.Saliva has been progressively studied as a non-invasive and relatively stress-free diagnostic alternative to blood. ĢBased on a Forrester New Technology Projected Total Economic Impact study commissioned by Dell, “The Projected Total Economic Impact Of Dell APEX Managed Device service”, March 2023. For more information, talk to your Dell Sales Representative. Dell APEX PCaaS: At the end of the contract, the customer may renew the contract or return the equipment to DFS.ġBased on Dell internal analysis, September 2022. Restrictions and additional requirements may apply to transactions with governmental or public entities. Dell Technologies and the Dell Technologies logo are trademarks of Dell Inc. Offers not available for personal, family or household use. Where available offers may be changed without notice and are subject to product availability, applicable law, credit approval, documentation provided by and acceptable to DFS and may be subject to minimum transaction size. Offers may not be available or may vary in certain countries. or its affiliate or designee (“DFS”) for qualified customers. **Payment solutions provided and serviced by Dell Financial Services L.L.C. Energy, Climate Action & Sustainability.APEX Cloud Platform for Red Hat OpenShift.APEX Cloud Platform for Microsoft Azure.APEX Data Storage Services Backup Target.
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